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on January 15 2022 the uninhabited

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volcanic island hungatanga hunger Hape

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erupted violently creating worldwide

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shock waves Sonic booms tsunamis and

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powerful winds all while blanketing

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surrounding Islands in two centimeters

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of Ash

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it was a fatal eruption and its impact

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on nearby communities was further

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compounded by the disruption cause to

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Emergency Services

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NASA has been following the Pacific

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Island's unusual Evolution for years

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using historical observations and

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satellite data of the January eruption

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scientists have shed a new light on why

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this explosion is so unique and how such

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a small island is making such a huge

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impact across the planet

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it gave us a window into a rapid-paced

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life history of an island that we can

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compare to hundreds of other islands in

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the oceans over time and these islands

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are sensitive indicators for the

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activities of climate environmental

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change and we can project them forward

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even to other planets so what an

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opportunity

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geologic records suggest that while the

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volcano may have produced massive

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explosive eruptions in the past an

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eruption of this magnitude wasn't

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expected so soon

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this was what we call a volcanic

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explosivity index six eruption nothing

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like it since Krakatoa in the 19th

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century and so what happened was this

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beautiful little island 100 meters tall

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growing forming by the nature of the way

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volcanoes and and water interact was

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explosively changed forever and

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literally the entire base of the volcano

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fell hundreds of meters in to a shallow

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magma Reservoir a liquid rock chamber

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literally under the ocean and that

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allowed the explosive interaction of a

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massive Pacific Ocean sea water with

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this hot rod 1300 degrees Kelvin that's

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super hot hotter than your oven and that

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explosion with the pressure moved the

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water the rock the small amounts of Ash

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that were part of building the island

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all the way into the atmosphere and

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triggered a large tsunami a 15 meter

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High super wave that traveled out

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hundreds of miles buried some low local

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Islands as part of the Tonga archipelago

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but allowed us to see the power of

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Mother Nature's volcanoes when water and

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liquid rock come together to shape our

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planet

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NASA and Esa satellites clocked wind

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speeds up to 450 miles per hour just

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hours after the eruption and showed

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material rising up to 36 miles the

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highest volcanic plume ever measured

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within two weeks the main plume of

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volcanic materials circled the entire

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Globe injecting dust particles into the

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stratosphere that remained for upwards

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of a year

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NASA also found that the volcano

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injected a tremendous amount of water

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vapor into the Earth's stratosphere the

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increase of water vapor which traps heat

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could modify atmospheric chemistry and

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have a warming effect on the Earth's

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so outside of its sheer magnitude what

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makes this eruption so unique

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well it's really a matter of our ability

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to see it at the end of 2021 the

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Island's volcanic activities started

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picking up

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small underwater eruptions began to

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reshape the Island's landscape expanding

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the island these shallow water events

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are classified as certain eruptions

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where hot magma interacts explosively

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with water

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in other words we've been able to see

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the birth of the island happen in ways

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we haven't been able to before and with

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modern satellite technology we're also

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able to see the end of the Island's life

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cycle in new detail as we did with the

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January eruption

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this has happened in Earth history in

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famous places like Yellowstone topple

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New Zealand Krakatoa and now in the

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island nation of Tonga it's a weaving

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opportunity 21st century techniques

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laser altimeters like ice tattoo

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satellite techniques that can see at

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Scales of sub-meter put those together

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and tell a story of the birth and death

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of this island

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NASA's vantage point of hungatanga

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hunger Hape could even be used as a

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means to study other planets in our

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solar system specifically the world that

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volcanic islands play in water planets

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like Mars and Venus where you live on an

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ocean planet and so these kind of

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eruptions are part of our history how we

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got here as we evolved ourselves in the

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context of our planet and we want to

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take the lessons that we learn as we go

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forward as we continue to watch what's

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next in this exciting volcano and apply

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it forward to other worlds like Mars and

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Venus that may have harbored surface

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waters as oceans or seas and understand

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them in the context of our Earth

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using geostationary satellites and

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observed data NASA's scientists hope to

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learn from The Continuous evolution of

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this special volcano the question is

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will those come again at algatanga and

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then explode again we don't know so we

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need to use what we saw from this

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eruption in 22. to train ourselves for

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what to be able to predict and so this

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is our chance to learn and then to apply

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it to the other ocean worlds nearby that